Benzimidazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene–benzotriazole palladium (II)-PEPPSI complexes: Synthesis, X-ray structural analysis, biological activity, and solvent-free N-alkylation catalysis
Inorganica Chimica Acta, cilt.602, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 602
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.ica.2026.123299
- Dergi Adı: Inorganica Chimica Acta
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: 5,6-dimethylBenzimidazolium chlorides, Anticancer activities, Antifungal, Antimicrobial, Homogeneous catalyst, N-alkylation reaction, Palladium-PEPPSI
- İnönü Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
A series of 1-alkyl-3-(1-methylbenzotriazolyl)benzimidazole palladium(II) complexes (3a–f) has been synthesized and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Structural studies indicate that N-alkyl substitution significantly affects the coordination geometry of the complexes.For the first time, Pd(II)–carbene complexes based on a benzimidazole–benzotriazole hybrid framework have been explored as catalysts for CN bond formation via the N-alkylation of amines with alcohol derivatives. All complexes exhibited high catalytic efficiency in the alkylation of aniline derivatives with aryl alcohols under solvent-free conditions, affording excellent conversions within 24 h at a low catalyst loading (2.5 mol%). These findings highlight an efficient and sustainable protocol for CN bond construction.In addition to their catalytic properties, the complexes were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungal strains Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Among them, compound 2e showed the most pronounced antimicrobial effect. Cytotoxicity studies further revealed that complex 3f exhibits higher activity than cisplatin across the tested cell lines. Overall, these results demonstrate that the synthesized Pd(II) complexes represent a versatile platform combining efficient catalytic performance with relevant biological activity. Structure–activity relationships emphasize the critical role of N-alkyl substitution in modulating both catalytic and biological properties.